Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is a long-term and age-related neurodegenerative disorder. Approximately 10 million people have PD worldwide. PD affects the central nervous system as the nerve cells in the brain don’t produce enough of dopamine. This causes impairment of the body’s motor functions. People with PD normally have symptoms that begin gradually, mostly on one side of the body. Subsequently, it affects both the sides.
PD usually arises in people above 60 years of age. It is chronic and progressive. Parkinson’s disease Pathogenesis shows that various environmental causes along with genetic risk factors contribute to its occurrence. Yet the exact causes are being investigated.
- Tremors in hands, arms, legs, jaws and face
- Stiffness and rigidity of the arms, legs and trunk
- Slowness of movement
- Poor balance and coordination
As symptoms worsen, PD patients may face trouble in walking, talking and even executing simple tasks. They may also experience other health issues like depression, sleep problems or difficulties in chewing, swallowing or speaking. Though PD has no permanent cure, a lot of research is going on slowing its progression.
Delaying Parkinson’s Progression by Targeting Enzymes in Immune System
Recent studies reveal that autoimmunity may have a role in the progression of PD. There is an enzyme called HDAC2 that is found in the immune cells of the brain. This enzyme regulates a crucial cellular mechanism known as epigenetics which controls the availability of certain genes. These genes are either read and translated into active proteins or silenced and hence made unavailable. According to the latest research, inhibiting the activity of this enzyme may prevent degeneration and death of nerve cells as seen in PD cases.
HDAC2 plays a key role in acting as potential therapeutic targets for several neurodegenerative diseases including PD. It is found that samples of microglia (immune cells) and dopamine-producing nerve cells in brain tissues collected from PD patients have high levels of HDAC2. This is in comparison to the corresponding levels in similar samples of healthy people.
It is interesting to note that HDAC2 levels correlated with the amount of LN3 (a marker of microglia activity) in PD samples. This is suggestive that HDAC2 may be linked to the greater pro-inflammatory and abnormal activity of microglia, when transitioning from protective brain cells to ones that attack and thereby damage healthy nerve cells.
Experimental cells replicating microglia behaviour also show increased levels of HDAC2 when pushed to a pro-inflammatory state. For quite some time now, it has been known that within pro-inflammatory environments microglia are responsible for the constant regulation and release of neurotoxin cytokines. Such environments are found in the substantia nigra in PD cases.
Thus the research findings support that HDAC2 may be specifically targeted and inhibited for reducing the effects of genes which cause neuroinflammation. Specifically, targeting HDAC2 gene expression levels in substantia nigra’s microglia can assist in reducing the progression of PD.
Latest medical innovations and evolving knowledge suggest various interventions and rehabilitation techniques for PD. This gives a new ray of new hope to patients living with this progressive neurological disease along with their families. PD is a complex disease that affects each individual differently. So PSP can help in deploying customized strategies and techniques applicable in daily life for coping up with PD limitations. PSP involves a comprehensive approach to the patient’s medical, functional and behavioural needs. This includes nursing care, nutritional counselling, rehabilitation techniques, speech and occupational therapies and fall -prevention measures.
PSP’s focus thus promotes independence and safety of PD patients for leading a better quality of life with lesser constraints.
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